Liver Cirrhosis

Learn about cirrhosis, the late stage of scarring (fibrosis) of the liver caused by many forms of liver diseases

Overview

Cirrhosis refers to a late stage of liver damage and scarring (fibrosis) caused by long-standing liver injury from conditions such as fatty liver disease, alcohol-related liver disease, viral hepatitis, or autoimmune liver disease. Early cirrhosis may be silent, while advanced disease can lead to serious complications.

Symptoms & Causes

What is liver cirrhosis?

Cirrhosis refers to a late stage of liver damage and scarring (fibrosis) that develops after long-standing liver injury. Over time, repeated inflammation and healing lead to the replacement of healthy liver tissue with scar tissue. This scarring disrupts the normal structure of the liver and interferes with its ability to function effectively.

Cirrhosis is not a single disease but the end result of many chronic liver conditions, including fatty liver disease, alcohol-related liver disease, chronic viral hepatitis, and autoimmune liver disease.

What are the symptoms associated with cirrhosis of the liver?

In its earlier stages, cirrhosis may cause no symptoms at all and may be detected only through blood tests or imaging. This is sometimes referred to as “compensated” cirrhosis, where the liver is severely scarred but still able to perform most of its functions. As cirrhosis progresses, the liver’s ability to cope is reduced, and symptoms or complications may develop.

What complications can occur?

More advanced cirrhosis can lead to complications such as:

  • Fluid accumulation in the abdomen (ascites) or legs
  • Internal bleeding, particularly from enlarged veins in the oesophagus or stomach
  • Increased susceptibility to infections
  • Confusion or changes in concentration due to toxin build-up
  • An increased risk of primary liver cancer

Early identification allows monitoring and intervention before these complications arise.

Diagnosis & Treatment

How is cirrhosis assessed?

Assessment focuses on:

  • Determining the underlying cause
  • Assessing liver function
  • Screening for complications

This typically involves blood tests, imaging, non-invasive fibrosis assessment, and endoscopic or ultrasound surveillance where appropriate.

How is cirrhosis managed?

Management depends on the cause and stage of cirrhosis. Key principles include:

  • Treating or removing the underlying cause
  • Monitoring for and preventing complications
  • Supporting nutrition and overall health
  • Regular surveillance for liver cancer

With appropriate specialist care, many people with cirrhosis can remain stable for many years and maintain a good quality of life.